Prologue and Chapter 1
____ 1. What was the Renaissance a rebirth of?
a. Christian devotion
b. art and learning
c. chivalry and tournaments
d. good health after the plague
____ 2. The study of classical texts caused humanists to focus on what subject?
a. human potential and achievements
b. an understanding of early Christianity
c. an understanding of ancient Muslim values
d. Roman law and government
____ 3. For what is the Medici family famous?
a. for being artists
b. for being writers
c. for being rulers and supporters of the arts
d. for being religious reformers
____ 4. What were Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More?
a. German painters
b. Flemish painters
c. patrons of the arts
d. Christian humanists
____ 5. What was the first full-sized book Gutenberg printed?
a. Utopia
b. Romeo and Juliet
c. the Bible
d. The Prince
____ 6. In what way did Leonardo da Vinci represent the Renaissance Man?
a. He was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist.
b. He painted the Mona Lisa while holding scientific discussions.
c. He lived in Italy during the 1500s.
d. He used perspective in all of his drawings and paintings.
____ 7. Luther protested the practice of selling indulgences. What was that practice?
a. Clergy members bought indulgences to reach higher offices.
b. The clergy sold pardons that released people from performing penalties for their sins.
c. Charles V told his people that buying indulgences was a way to earn a way to heaven.
d. Indulgences permitted priests to marry and have children.
____ 8. Who declared himself the head of the English Church?
a. Henry VIII
b. John Knox
c. Martin Luther
d. Emperor Charles V
____ 9. What was one of John Calvin's major teachings?
a. humanism
b. adult baptism
c. indulgences
d. predestination
____ 10. Who was the important Catholic Reformer who founded the Jesuit order?
a. Katarina Zell
b. Girolamo Savonarola
c. Ignatius of Loyola
d. Pope Paul III
____ 11. Which cities were the centers of Calvinism and Lutheranism?
a. Rotterdam and London
b. Geneva and Wittenberg
c. Wittenberg and Rotterdam
d. Worms and Geneva
____ 12. In which two countries was Calvinism the dominant religion?
a. England and Ireland
b. France and Poland
c. Scotland and the Netherlands
d. Sweden and Norway
____ 13. Between 1500 and 1600, which religion was dominant in the greatest number of countries?
a. Anglican
b. Calvinist
c. Lutheran
d. Roman Catholic
____ 14. In what year did Denmark adopt Lutheranism as its chief religion?
a. 1517
b. 1523
c. 1527
d. 1579
____ 15. Around which body of water did the Lutherans dominate?
a. Mediterranean Sea
b. Black Sea
c. Baltic Sea
d. North Sea
Document-Based Questions Introduction
Historical Context During the Renaissance, scholars and artists began to seek other sources of inspiration beyond the Catholic faith. Many studied the classical past and adopted a humanistic outlook-focusing on the potential and the achievements of human beings. The Renaissance ideal became a person who used his or her potential to excel in many areas, either as a "Renaissance man" or a strong ruler. In addition, art changed, becoming more realistic than the art of the Middle Ages. This was also due to the influence of classical models.
Task: Discuss the view of human beings that developed during the Renaissance.
Study each document carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Here a question arises [for a prince, or ruler]: whether it is better to be loved than feared, or the reverse. The answer is, of course, that it would be best to be both loved and feared. But since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than loved. . . . Men are less concerned about offending someone they have cause to love than someone they have cause to fear. Love endures by a bond which men, being scoundrels, may break whenever it serves their advantage to do so; but fear is supported by the dread of pain, which is ever present. . . . Returning to the question, then, of being loved or feared, I conclude that since men love as they themselves determine but fear as their ruler determines, a wise prince must rely upon what he and not others can control.
16. According to Machiavelli, what is the best answer to whether it is better for a prince to be loved or feared?
Nothing can help you in guiding your life more than the study of literature. . . . Yet it is my understanding that you have thrown off your studies like some yoke which obliges me to try to induce you to take them up again. . . . We ought to study literature because it offers us models of behavior after which we can pattern out lives; knowing these will be helpful. And one must know literature deeply, not superficially, if real progress is to be made. Contemporary rulers are happy with a smattering of knowledge and leave detailed study to philosophers and jurisconsultants, just as if it were less important for them to know the principles of a good life. I entreat you not to fall into this pattern of thinking which will block your developing into a good man and a famous ruler.
17. What is the main idea Aeneas Silvius wants Sigismund to understand?
18. How are Leonardo da Vinci's drawings an expression of humanistic ideals?
19. Using information from the documents, your answers to the questions in Part A, and your knowledge of world history, write an essay on your own paper that discusses how Renaissance thinkers and artists viewed human beings.
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper.
20. Recognizing Effects What were the effects of Gutenberg's printing press?
21. Analyzing Issues What were Luther's chief objections to the Roman Catholic Church?
____ 22. Utopia, the title of a book by Thomas More, has come to mean an ideal place. _________________________
____ 23. The Renaissance in northern Europe lagged behind the Renaissance in Italy because of the bubonic plague. _________________________
____ 24. When Jerusalem fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, scholars fled to Rome with ancient Greek manuscripts. _________________________
____ 25. The Act of Supremacy was passed during the reign of Henry VIII. _________________________
____ 26. During the Renaissance, artists were often supported by wealthy people known as humanists. _________________________
____ 27. Gutenberg's invention of the vernacular made possible the quick spread of ideas. _________________________
____ 28. To set aside a marriage as having not been legal is to recant the marriage. _________________________
____ 29. The name Anabaptist is from the Greek for baptize again. _________________________
____ 30. In England, the king was declared to be the head of the Lutheran Church . _________________________
____ 31. The term Protestant comes from the name given some German princes who protested against joining forces with the pope against Luther's ideas. _________________________
____ 32. In which state were three different religions practiced?
a. France
b. Holy Roman Empire
c. Netherlands
d. Italy
____ 33. What was the northernmost country where Calvinism spread?
a. Norway
b. Netherlands
c. Scotland
d. Poland
____ 34. During what time period did Lutheranism win the most followers?
a. 1517-1536
b. 1541-1579
c. 1559
d. 1527-1536
____ 35. Judging from this map, about how many miles east of Geneva did Calvinism spread?
a. 350
b. 500
c. 900
d. 1050
____ 36. What geographic pattern can you observe from the way Catholicism and the Protestant faiths were distributed?
a. Lutheranism was more widely distributed than Catholicism.
b. The lands closest to Rome, center of the Catholic Church, remained mostly Catholic.
c. People who lived in harsh northern lands were drawn to strict Calvinism.
d. Eastern Europe remained completely Catholic because reformers did not cross the mountains.
Document-Based Questions Introduction
Historical Context During the Renaissance, scholars and artists began to seek other sources of inspiration beyond the Catholic faith. Many studied the classical past and adopted a humanistic outlook-focusing on the potential and the achievements of human beings. The Renaissance ideal became a person who used his or her potential to excel in many areas, either as a "Renaissance man" or a strong ruler. In addition, art changed, becoming more realistic than the art of the Middle Ages. This was also due to the influence of classical models.
Task: Discuss the view of human beings that developed during the Renaissance.
Study each document carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Here a question arises [for a prince, or ruler]: whether it is better to be loved than feared, or the reverse. The answer is, of course, that it would be best to be both loved and feared. But since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than loved. . . . Men are less concerned about offending someone they have cause to love than someone they have cause to fear. Love endures by a bond which men, being scoundrels, may break whenever it serves their advantage to do so; but fear is supported by the dread of pain, which is ever present. . . . Returning to the question, then, of being loved or feared, I conclude that since men love as they themselves determine but fear as their ruler determines, a wise prince must rely upon what he and not others can control.
37. What recommendation does Machiavelli make to rulers, and why?
Nothing can help you in guiding your life more than the study of literature. . . . Yet it is my understanding that you have thrown off your studies like some yoke which obliges me to try to induce you to take them up again. . . . We ought to study literature because it offers us models of behavior after which we can pattern out lives; knowing these will be helpful. And one must know literature deeply, not superficially, if real progress is to be made. Contemporary rulers are happy with a smattering of knowledge and leave detailed study to philosophers and jurisconsultants, just as if it were less important for them to know the principles of a good life. I entreat you not to fall into this pattern of thinking which will block your developing into a good man and a famous ruler.
38. Why does Aeneas Silvius recommend studying literature?
39. What Renaissance values do you think motivated Leonardo to make this drawing?
40. Using information from the documents, your answers to the questions in Part A, and your knowledge of world history, write an essay on your own paper that discusses how Renaissance thinkers and artists viewed human beings.
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper.
41. Drawing Conclusions Based on what you learned in this chapter, what are three words or phrases you would use to describe Martin Luther? Defend each choice in a paragraph.
42. Contrasting How was the shift from medieval to Renaissance values reflected in the art and learning of the two periods?
Choose the letter of the best answer.
____ 43. What kind of person represented the ideal of the "Renaissance man"?
a. someone who enjoyed worldly pleasures
b. someone who excelled in many areas of study
c. someone who specialized in a particular field of study
d. someone who supported and appreciated the arts without creating art
____ 44. How did Italy's location help it become the birthplace of the Renaissance?
a. Ideas could be spread easily by means of Italy's fleet.
b. Italy was protected from the rest of Europe by the Alps.
c. Italy had access to Roman ruins and ancient manuscripts from Constantinople.
d. The bubonic plague had not reached the southern tip of Europe.
____ 45. What was an important effect of the invention of the printing press?
a. Gutenberg used his wealth from the invention to support artists.
b. It led to the development of public libraries.
c. It led to a renewed study of Latin and Greek.
d. It increased literacy and the use of the vernacular.
____ 46. Why was block printing more useful in Europe than in China?
a. Chinese paper was difficult to print on.
b. The Chinese had invented movable type but not the printing press.
c. European languages had a smaller number of characters than Chinese.
d. All of the above are true.
____ 47. Which of the following was a major reason for the Reformation?
a. European merchants resented paying taxes to the Church in Rome.
b. The Church was threatening to excommunicate the king of France.
c. The pope in Rome insisted on speaking only Latin.
d. Martin Luther said he could interpret the Bible better than the pope.
____ 48. Which of the following was one of Luther's main beliefs?
a. Men and women are naturally sinful.
b. Christians needed to be baptized again as adults.
c. Good works were required for salvation.
d. All people with faith were equal.
____ 49. What was the main reason for Henry VIII's split with the Roman Catholic Church?
a. his religious beliefs
b. his desire for a male heir
c. his treatment of Catherine of Aragon
d. his unwillingness to pay Church taxes
____ 50. Which of the following was agreed upon at the Council of Trent?
a. The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final.
b. Selling indulgences was an appropriate practice.
c. Local priests had to originate the process of excommunication.
d. Church and state should be separate.
____ 51. The Peace of Augsburg ended a war between the supporters of which two groups?
a. England and Spain
b. Catholic and Protestant German princes
c. Roman Catholics and Anglicans
d. French Catholics and Huguenots
____ 52. Which idea of Luther's most influenced John Calvin?
a. Humans cannot earn a place in heaven.
b. There was no hierarchy of believers.
c. The Church should not sell indulgences.
d. People did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.
Using the exhibit, answer the following questions.
53. During what period of time did Calvinism attract the most followers?
54. Judging from the map, about how many miles north did Calvinism spread from Geneva?
55. Judging from the map, why might Ireland have problems in the future?
56. How did distance from Rome affect a region's chances of becoming Protestant? Why might that be?
57. Which of the three Protestant faiths shown here spread the least? Why might that be?
Document-Based Questions Introduction
Historical Context During the Renaissance, scholars and artists began to seek other sources of inspiration beyond the Catholic faith. Many studied the classical past and adopted a humanistic outlook-focusing on the potential and the achievements of human beings. The Renaissance ideal became a person who used his or her potential to excel in many areas, either as a "Renaissance man" or a strong ruler. In addition, art changed, becoming more realistic than the art of the Middle Ages. This was also due to the influence of classical models.
Task: Discuss the view of human beings that developed during the Renaissance.
Study each document carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Here a question arises [for a prince, or ruler]: whether it is better to be loved than feared, or the reverse. The answer is, of course, that it would be best to be both loved and feared. But since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than loved. . . . Men are less concerned about offending someone they have cause to love than someone they have cause to fear. Love endures by a bond which men, being scoundrels, may break whenever it serves their advantage to do so; but fear is supported by the dread of pain, which is ever present. . . . Returning to the question, then, of being loved or feared, I conclude that since men love as they themselves determine but fear as their ruler determines, a wise prince must rely upon what he and not others can control.
58. How would you describe Machiavelli's view of human beings?
Nothing can help you in guiding your life more than the study of literature. . . . Yet it is my understanding that you have thrown off your studies like some yoke which obliges me to try to induce you to take them up again. . . . We ought to study literature because it offers us models of behavior after which we can pattern out lives; knowing these will be helpful. And one must know literature deeply, not superficially, if real progress is to be made. Contemporary rulers are happy with a smattering of knowledge and leave detailed study to philosophers and jurisconsultants, just as if it were less important for them to know the principles of a good life. I entreat you not to fall into this pattern of thinking which will block your developing into a good man and a famous ruler.
59. What does Aeneas Silvius's statement imply about his view of human nature?
60. Judging from these drawings, how do you think Leonardo viewed human beings?
61. Using information from the documents, your answers to the questions in Part A, and your knowledge of world history, write an essay on your own paper that discusses how Renaissance thinkers and artists viewed human beings.
Answer the following question(s) on the back of this paper or on a separate sheet of paper.
62. Drawing Conclusions Which authority figures lost the most as a result of the Protestant Reformation? Which ones gained the most from it? Explain your answers.
63. Synthesizing Which aspects of the Renaissance contributed to the environment that made the Reformation possible?
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